The extracellular polymeric compounds found in bacterial biofilms make them highly resistant to traditional antibiotics, posing a serious threat to industrial systems, medical equipment, and human health. The inability of conventional therapies to break through biofilms frequently results in chronic infections, higher mortality rates, and financial losses. By utilizing the unique properties qualities of nanoparticles (NPs) to target biofilm formation, dispersion, and resistance mechanisms, nanotechnology presents a promising remedy. With improved antibiofilm activity, green-synthesized nanoparticles, such as silver, copper, zinc oxide and selenium NPs, offer a biocompatible, economical, and environmentally favorable substitute for chemical synthesis. Through processes like quorum sensing suppression, EPS breakdown, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, these NPs compromise the integrity of biofilms. The phases of biofilm growth, their effects on various industries (food, medical, and industrial), and the effectiveness of biosynthesized NPs in addressing biofilm-related issues are all highlighted in this paper. The findings show that approaches based on nanotechnology improve therapeutic effectiveness while lowering environmental toxicity simultaneously. In order to address all of the issues related to biofilm infections, future research should focus on clinical implementation and the optimization of nanoparticle delivery systems.
